High-speed steel (HSS) drill bits are versatile and cost-effective, suitable for general-purpose drilling in materials like wood, plastic, and soft metals. They offer good toughness and can withstand high temperatures, making them ideal for everyday use. However, they wear out faster than cobalt and carbide bits when used on harder materials.
Cobalt drill bits are an upgrade from HSS, containing 5-8% cobalt, which enhances their heat resistance and durability. They are particularly effective for drilling into hard metals like stainless steel and cast iron. Cobalt bits maintain their hardness at higher temperatures, allowing for faster drilling speeds and longer life compared to HSS. They are more brittle, though, and can break if not handled properly.
Carbide drill bits are the hardest and most wear-resistant, made from a combination of tungsten carbide and cobalt. They are designed for high-speed applications and can cut through the toughest materials, including hardened steel, ceramics, and composites. Carbide bits maintain sharpness longer than HSS and cobalt, making them ideal for industrial applications. However, they are the most expensive and brittle, requiring careful handling to avoid chipping or breaking.
In summary, HSS drill bits are best for general use and softer materials, cobalt bits are suited for harder metals, and carbide bits excel in industrial settings with extremely hard materials. The choice depends on the material being drilled, the required precision, and budget considerations.