1. **Select the Function and Range:** - Turn the function selector knob to the DCV (Direct Current Voltage) or ACV (Alternating Current Voltage) setting, depending on the type of voltage you are measuring. - Choose the appropriate voltage range. If unsure, start with the highest range to prevent damage to the meter. 2. **Prepare the Multimeter:** - Ensure the multimeter is calibrated and the needle is at zero. Adjust the zero adjuster if necessary. - Insert the black probe into the COM (common) terminal and the red probe into the VΩmA terminal. 3. **Connect the Probes:** - For DC voltage, connect the black probe to the negative side and the red probe to the positive side of the circuit. - For AC voltage, polarity does not matter, so connect the probes to the two points where you need to measure the voltage. 4. **Read the Measurement:** - Observe the needle on the scale. Ensure you are reading from the correct scale that matches the range setting. - If the needle moves off-scale, switch to a higher range. If the needle barely moves, switch to a lower range for better accuracy. 5. **Interpret the Reading:** - Note the position of the needle and read the corresponding value on the scale. - Multiply the reading by the range multiplier if necessary (e.g., if the range is set to 10V and the needle points to 5, the voltage is 5V). 6. **Disconnect and Turn Off:** - Remove the probes from the circuit. - Turn off the multimeter to conserve battery life. 7. **Safety Precautions:** - Always handle the probes carefully to avoid short circuits. - Do not touch the metal parts of the probes during measurement.

1. **Select the Current Function**: Turn the multimeter's rotary switch to the appropriate current measurement setting (usually marked with "A" for amperes). Choose the correct range if the multimeter is not auto-ranging. 2. **Insert Probes**: Connect the black probe to the common (COM) terminal and the red probe to the terminal marked for current measurement (often labeled "A" or "mA"). 3. **Power Off the Circuit**: Ensure the circuit is powered off before connecting the multimeter to prevent damage or injury. 4. **Break the Circuit**: Open the circuit where you want to measure the current. The multimeter must be connected in series with the load. 5. **Connect the Multimeter**: Attach the red probe to the more positive side of the break and the black probe to the more negative side. This ensures current flows through the multimeter. 6. **Power On the Circuit**: Turn the circuit back on. The multimeter will now display the current flowing through the circuit. 7. **Read the Measurement**: Observe the needle on the multimeter's scale. Ensure you are reading the correct scale corresponding to the range you selected. 8. **Turn Off the Circuit**: Once the measurement is complete, turn off the circuit before disconnecting the multimeter. 9. **Disconnect the Multimeter**: Remove the probes from the circuit and return the multimeter to a safe setting, such as voltage or resistance, to prevent accidental damage. 10. **Record the Measurement**: Note the current reading for your records or further analysis.

To check resistance using an analog multimeter, follow these steps: 1. **Turn Off Power**: Ensure the circuit or component is not powered to avoid damage to the multimeter or inaccurate readings. 2. **Select Resistance Mode**: Turn the multimeter's rotary switch to the resistance (Ω) setting. Choose an appropriate range if the multimeter is not auto-ranging. Start with the highest range to prevent damage. 3. **Zero the Meter**: Short the test leads together by touching their metal tips. Adjust the zero-ohm adjustment knob until the needle points to zero on the resistance scale. This compensates for any internal resistance in the leads. 4. **Connect Test Leads**: Attach the black lead to the common (COM) terminal and the red lead to the terminal marked for resistance (Ω). 5. **Measure Resistance**: Connect the test leads across the component or section of the circuit where you want to measure resistance. Ensure good contact for accurate readings. 6. **Read the Value**: Observe the needle's position on the scale. If the needle moves off-scale, adjust the range to a lower setting for a more precise reading. Multiply the reading by the range factor if necessary (e.g., x1, x10, x100). 7. **Interpret the Reading**: Compare the measured resistance with the expected value for the component. A significantly higher or lower reading may indicate a fault. 8. **Turn Off Multimeter**: After measurement, turn off the multimeter to preserve battery life. 9. **Safety Precautions**: Handle the multimeter carefully to avoid damage, and ensure the test leads are in good condition to prevent inaccurate readings or electric shock.

1. **Preparation**: Ensure the multimeter is in good condition, with no visible damage. Check the battery and replace it if necessary. Gather a known reference voltage source, a precision resistor, and a known current source for calibration. 2. **Zero Adjustment**: Set the multimeter to the resistance (ohm) setting. Short the test leads together and adjust the zero-ohm calibration knob until the needle points to zero on the scale. 3. **Voltage Calibration**: Connect the multimeter to a known DC voltage source. Set the multimeter to the appropriate DC voltage range. Adjust the voltage calibration screw or potentiometer until the needle accurately reflects the known voltage. 4. **Current Calibration**: Connect the multimeter in series with a known current source. Set the multimeter to the appropriate current range. Adjust the current calibration screw or potentiometer until the needle accurately reflects the known current. 5. **Resistance Calibration**: Connect the multimeter to a precision resistor of known value. Set the multimeter to the appropriate resistance range. Adjust the resistance calibration screw or potentiometer until the needle accurately reflects the known resistance. 6. **Repeat and Verify**: Repeat the calibration process for different ranges to ensure accuracy across the multimeter's entire range. Verify the calibration by measuring other known values. 7. **Final Check**: After calibration, perform a final check by measuring a few known values for voltage, current, and resistance to ensure the multimeter is functioning correctly. 8. **Documentation**: Record the calibration results and any adjustments made for future reference and compliance with any relevant standards or regulations.

To read the scale on an analog multimeter, follow these steps: 1. **Select the Measurement Type**: Choose the correct function on the multimeter (e.g., voltage, current, resistance) using the rotary switch. 2. **Set the Range**: Select an appropriate range for the measurement. If unsure, start with the highest range to prevent damage to the meter. 3. **Connect the Probes**: Insert the black probe into the COM (common) jack and the red probe into the appropriate jack (VΩmA for voltage/resistance or 10A for high current). 4. **Take the Measurement**: Connect the probes to the circuit/component. For voltage, connect in parallel; for current, connect in series; for resistance, ensure the circuit is de-energized. 5. **Read the Scale**: - **Identify the Correct Scale**: Analog multimeters have multiple scales. Identify the correct one based on the function and range selected. - **Note the Pointer Position**: Observe where the needle points on the scale. - **Calculate the Reading**: Use the scale's full range and the selected range to calculate the actual value. For example, if the needle points to 50 on a 0-100 scale and the range is set to 10V, the reading is 5V. 6. **Consider Scale Multipliers**: Some scales have multipliers (e.g., x1, x10, x100). Multiply the reading by the scale factor. 7. **Account for Zero Adjustment**: Ensure the needle is at zero before measuring. Adjust using the zero adjust knob if necessary. 8. **Interpret the Reading**: Convert the scale reading into the actual measurement using the selected range and scale factor. 9. **Safety Precautions**: Always handle the multimeter and probes with care, especially when measuring high voltages or currents.

Analog multimeters offer several advantages over digital multimeters: 1. **Real-time Needle Movement**: The continuous movement of the needle provides a visual representation of fluctuations in the measurement, which can be useful for observing trends or changes over time. 2. **Simplicity and Durability**: Analog multimeters are generally simpler in design and construction, making them more robust and less prone to damage from drops or rough handling compared to digital multimeters. 3. **No Battery Requirement for Basic Functions**: Many analog multimeters can measure voltage and current without needing a battery, as they rely on the power from the circuit being tested. This can be advantageous in situations where battery replacement is inconvenient. 4. **Better for Observing Rapid Changes**: The needle's movement can make it easier to see rapid changes or fluctuations in the measurement, which might be missed by the digital readout that updates at a slower rate. 5. **Cost-Effectiveness**: Analog multimeters are often less expensive than their digital counterparts, making them a cost-effective choice for basic measurements and educational purposes. 6. **Resistance to Electromagnetic Interference**: Analog multimeters are less susceptible to electromagnetic interference, which can affect the accuracy of digital multimeters in certain environments. 7. **Intuitive Scale Reading**: For some users, reading an analog scale can be more intuitive, especially when estimating values between marked increments. 8. **No Auto-Ranging Delays**: Analog multimeters do not have auto-ranging features, which can sometimes cause delays in digital multimeters as they adjust to the correct range. These advantages make analog multimeters a preferred choice in specific applications, particularly where durability, simplicity, and the ability to observe real-time changes are prioritized.

1. **Safety First**: Ensure the multimeter and battery are in good condition. Wear safety goggles and gloves if necessary. 2. **Set Up the Multimeter**: Turn the multimeter dial to the DC voltage (V) setting. Choose a range higher than the battery's voltage. For a 1.5V battery, set it to 2V or 10V. 3. **Identify Battery Terminals**: Locate the positive (+) and negative (-) terminals on the battery. 4. **Connect Probes**: - Attach the red probe to the positive terminal. - Attach the black probe to the negative terminal. 5. **Read the Measurement**: - Observe the needle on the multimeter scale. - Ensure the needle moves to the right, indicating a positive reading. - Compare the reading to the battery's rated voltage. A fully charged battery should read close to its rated voltage. 6. **Interpret Results**: - If the reading is significantly lower than the rated voltage, the battery may be weak or dead. - A reading at or slightly above the rated voltage indicates a good battery. 7. **Disconnect Probes**: Remove the probes from the battery terminals. 8. **Turn Off Multimeter**: Switch off the multimeter to conserve battery life. 9. **Dispose or Recharge**: If the battery is weak, consider recharging (if rechargeable) or disposing of it properly. 10. **Maintenance**: Regularly check the multimeter's battery and calibration for accurate readings.