Air purifiers work by drawing in air from a room and passing it through a series of filters that capture various airborne pollutants. The most common type of filter is a HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter, which is designed to capture at least 99.97% of airborne particles 0.3 micrometers in size, including dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and some bacteria and viruses. Many air purifiers also include an activated carbon filter, which is effective at absorbing odors, gases, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be found in household products, paints, and furnishings.
Some air purifiers utilize additional technologies like UV-C light, which can destroy microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, or ionizers, which release negatively charged ions that attach to airborne particles, making them heavier and causing them to fall out of the air. The cleaned air is then released back into the room, continuously circulating and improving the overall indoor air quality by reducing the concentration of harmful pollutants. Regular filter replacement is crucial for maintaining the efficiency of the air purifier.